Orkney is administered by the Orkney Islands Council, a unitary island council created in the Scottish local government re-organization in 1975. there are around 1,500 businesses on the island. In the Scottish Parliament the Orkney constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system. Graemsay and Flotta are both linked by ferry to the Mainland and Hoy, and the latter is known for its large oil terminal. Chalmers, Jim "Agriculture in Orkney Today" in Omand (2003) p. 127, 133 quoting the Scottish Executive Agricultural Census of 2001 and stating that 80% of the land area is farmed if rough grazing is included. --ARCHIVED as of 31 January 2020-- Orkney is made up of 70 islands, 18 of which are inhabited. This is widely agreed to be unhelpful as it consciously excludes bridged islands. Even after exporting to the UK national grid, the islands' winds, waves and tides generate about 130% of the electricity its population needs – all of it from clean sources". As northern isles rattle the independence cage, a study of Orkney’s economy sheds light on the distinctive nature of island prosperity, and points to some of the challenges small island groups might face. Those described as "holms" are very small. one who has jumped off a ferry as distinct from a native. There is little evidence of an Orcadian fleet until the 19th century but it grew rapidly and 700 boats were involved by the 1840s with Stronsay and later Stromness becoming leading centres of development. [115] The later Rousay flagstone formation is found throughout much of the North and South Isles and East Mainland. [160], A March 2019 report by the BBC stated that "Orkney creates more clean electricity that its inhabitants need. [Notes 2], The islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years, originally occupied by Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes and then by the Picts. Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. [177] Moray Firth Radio broadcasts throughout Orkney on AM and from an FM transmitter just outside Thurso. Orkney’s parishes were replaced by 20 CCA’s covering 34 rural settlements. Stoats are accomplished predators and pose a very serious threat to Orkney’s wildlife, including: the native Orkney vole, hen harrier, short-eared owl and many ground nesting birds. And other musings on 'Orkney' usage. The Mainland is split into areas called East and West Mainland. 25 November 2019, This small island chain is leading the way on hydrogen power', EGEB: Scotland trials world’s first hydrogen ferry, "How hydrogen is transforming these tiny Scottish islands", "Green hydrogen set to decarbonise airport", Council, SIC moves ahead in developing hydrogen as an alternative fuel 2 September 2020, Scotland Invests in Offshore Wind and Tidal Energy for Green Hydrogen 20 December 2020, Superstation Orkney ends community radio broadcasting, "The ogham-inscribed spindle-whorl from Buckquoy: evidence for the Irish language in pre-Viking Orkney? [179] They have a wide range of fiction and non-fiction titles available for loan as well as audiobooks, maps, eBooks, music CDs, and DVDs. Most of the islands, including the Mainland, fall into one of two groups—the North Isles or the South Isles—all of which have an underlying geological base of Old Red Sandstone. Breeze, David J. [120], Glacial striation and the presence of chalk and flint erratics that originated from the bed of the North Sea demonstrate the influence of ice action on the geomorphology of the islands. Orkney was colonised and later annexed by Norway in 875 and settled by the Norse. Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) pp. Un-crewed aerial vehicle population survey of three sympatrically breeding seabird species at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands April 2021 Polar Biology 44(4):1-11 biosecurity activities delivered on the non-linked islands of the archipelago". Fair Isle is the most remote inhabited island in the United Kingdom. The local council is Orkney Islands Council, one of only three councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members who are independents. Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. In winter, there are frequent strong winds, with an average of 52 hours of gales being recorded annually. [178], Orkney is home to the Orkney Library and Archive, located in Kirkwall, Scotland, on the mainland. The community radio station Caithness FM also broadcasts to Orkney. [121], Orkney has a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly latitude, due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. His sons Gawaine, Agravaine, Gareth, and Gaheris are major characters in the Matter of Britain. The soil of Orkney is generally very fertile and most of the land is taken up by farms, agriculture being by far the most important sector of the economy and providing employment for a quarter of the workforce according to a 2008 report. The Pentland Skerries lie further south, closer to the Scottish mainland. [97][206] Although stands of trees are generally rare, a small forest named Happy Valley with 700 trees and lush gardens was created from a boggy hillside near Stenness during the second half of the 20th century. Other small uninhabited islands in the North Isles group include: Calf of Eday, Damsay, Eynhallow, Faray, Helliar Holm, Holm of Faray, Holm of Huip, Holm of Papa, Holm of Scockness, Kili Holm, Linga Holm, Muckle Green Holm, Rusk Holm and Sweyn Holm. This is a list of islands with an area greater than 15 hectares (approximately 37 acres). With a population of about 21,000, the place is far enough from the U.K. mainland to feel isolated, and the locals still boast of their islands' neolithic and viking ancestry. South Walls has a 19th-century Martello tower and is connected to Hoy by the Ayre. It comprises over 70 islands and islets, of which only 20 are inhabited by the 22,000 people living on the archipelago. Additional specifics about the status of the hydrogen scheme were published in late November 2020 by Orkney Islands Council. Haswell-Smith (2004) maintains there is no written record of any post-Neolithic habitation, although Sheena Wenham ("The South Isles" in Omand (2003) p. 208) states the island supported a community "into the 20th century". See for example Wenham, Sheena "The South Isles", in Omand (2003) p. 210. That was in June 2013. [222] A subsequent report confirmed that "Police Scotland is investigating a number of incidents involving damage to and the theft of stoat traps in Orkney". [7], Orkney is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, as well as a constituency of the Scottish Parliament, a lieutenancy area, and a historic county. [23][24], A charred hazelnut shell, recovered in 2007 during excavations in Tankerness on the Mainland has been dated to 6820–6660 BC indicating the presence of Mesolithic nomadic tribes. Thorfinn died around 1065 and his sons Paul and Erlend succeeded him, fighting at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066. Duffy (2003) pp. Coull, James "Fishing" in Omand (2003) pp. Correlation between the Hoy volcanics and the other two exposures has been proposed, but differences in chemistry means this remains uncertain. [68][Notes 12] In 1379 the earldom passed to the Sinclair family, who were also barons of Roslin near Edinburgh. [175] Orkney also had a commercial radio station, The Superstation Orkney, which broadcast to Kirkwall and parts of the mainland and also to most of Caithness[176] until its closure in November 2014. [Notes 15], The history of Orkney prior to this time is largely the history of the ruling aristocracy. On 1 February 2021, a new plan (subsequent to previous funding schemes) from the Scottish government was announced. The Mobile Library carries a wide range of books and audio books suitable for all ages and is completely free to use. This is a continuing list of uninhabited smaller Orkney islands (many of which are called "Holm" from the Old Norse holmr, meaning a small and rounded islet),[24] tidal islets only separated at higher stages of the tide, or skerries which are only exposed at lower stages of the tide. Chapter 2: Context. [65] In 1231 the line of Norse earls, unbroken since Rognvald, ended with Jon Haraldsson's murder in Thurso. "St Magnus Cathedral still dominates the Kirkwall skyline – a familiar, and comforting sight, to Kirkwallians around the world. Evidence of strong small-scale population structure in the Antarctic freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei in lakes on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands March 2020 Limnology and Oceanography 65(9):1-17 On the longest day, the sun rises at 04:00 and sets at 22:29 BST and complete darkness is unknown. [86], The navy base became run down after the war, eventually closing in 1957. [Notes 8][Notes 9], Thorfinn the Mighty was a son of Sigurd and a grandson of King Malcolm II of Scotland (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda). This long twilight is known in the Northern Isles as the "simmer dim". Waugh, Doreen J., "Orkney Place-names" in Omand, (2003) p. 119. [27][28][29], During the Bronze Age fewer large stone structures were built although the great ceremonial circles continued in use[30] as metalworking was slowly introduced to Britain from Europe over a lengthy period. Orkney is served by a weekly local newspaper, The Orcadian, published on Thursdays. It has been considered locally extinct since 1908. [195] However in response to the national identity question in the 2011 Scotland Census, self-reported levels of Scottish identity in Orkney were in line with the national average. Declines were particularly significant in the outlying islands, some of which remain vulnerable to ongoing losses. [196], The Scottish mainland is often referred to as "Scotland" in Orkney, with "the mainland" referring to Mainland, Orkney. Chalmers, Jim "Agriculture in Orkney Today" in Omand (2003) p. 129. The Mainland is the largest island of Orkney. Most ships were salvaged, but the remaining wrecks are now a favoured haunt of recreational divers. The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide, and there are numerous lighthouses as an aid to navigation. Ritchie, Anna "The Picts" in Omand (2003) pp. Stromness, Sandwick, Birsay, Harray, Stenness, Orphir, Evie, Rendall and Firth. Whales, dolphins, and otters are also seen around the coasts. [189][Notes 22], Orkney has a rich folklore, and many of the former tales concern trows, an Orcadian form of troll that draws on the islands' Scandinavian connections. Orkney Islands (167th): Pillar and element scores Prosperity score UK LA Rank Scotland RankProsperity score 2011 10-yr trend 2021 2021 10-yr rank change 2021 2011 10-yr trend 2021 2021 10-yr rank change 2021 77.5 86.2 2 8 2 64.9 64.6 6 5 6 Violent Crime 50% 72.7 83.0 2 … Whittington, Graeme and Edwards, Kevin J. Etymologists usually interpret the element orc- as a Pictish tribal name meaning "young pig" or "young boar". Question: What is the population of Orkney Islands? [Notes 3][1] Speakers of Old Irish referred to the islands as Insi Orc "islands of the young pigs". The Italian prisoners constructed a small Roman Catholic chapel on Lamb Holm as a place of worship during their incarceration. [143] Retailing accounts for 17.5% of total employment,[142] and public services also play a significant role, employing a third of the islands' workforce. [82], Agricultural improvements beginning in the 17th century resulted in the enclosure of the commons and ultimately in the Victoria era the emergence of large and well-managed farms using a five-shift rotation system and producing high-quality beef cattle. Orkney has significant experience of hosting large, high profile events such as: In addition to the Orkney Mainland there are three groups of islands. Boulder clay is also abundant and moraines cover substantial areas. 72–73. 12 August 2019, How hydrogen is transforming these tiny Scottish islands, How Orkney leads the way for sustainable energy, Is Orkney the hydrogen capital of the world? Both these species can be seen flying around the islands throughout the year. [122] The average temperature for the year is 8 °C (46 °F); for winter 4 °C (39 °F) and for summer 12 °C (54 °F). Population. 35–37. [170], Highland and Islands Airports operates the main airport in Orkney, Kirkwall Airport. [83], During the 18th century Jacobite risings, Orkney was largely Jacobite in its sympathies. Both of Orkney's burghs, Kirkwall and Stromness, are on this island, which is also the heart of Orkney's transport system, with ferry and air connections to the other islands and to the outside world. Orkney (/ˈɔːrkni/; Scots: Orkney; Old Norse: Orkneyjar; Norn: Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands,[Notes 1] is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. on mainland Orkney. In 1492, the Scottish Parliament absorbed the earldom into the Kingdom of Scotland, following the failure to pay a dowry promised to James III by the family of his bride, Margaret of Denmark.[10]. The best known literary figures from modern Orkney are the poet Edwin Muir, the poet and novelist George Mackay Brown, and the novelist Eric Linklater. Dance, Gaia (2013) "The Sea Before Breakfast." Waugh, Doreen J. Around 20 of the Orkney Islands are inhabited, with a total population of around 21,000 people. [219] A report issued in October 2020 stated that over 5,000 traps had been deployed. [126] At this time of year the aurora borealis can occasionally be seen on the northern horizon during moderate auroral activity.[127]. S1).The islands of Eday, Faray, Papa Westray, Sanday and Westray were sampled in … Their main prey is the Orkney vole, this small mammal making up as much as 90% of their food. Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) p. 69. Haswell-Smith (2004) uses "an Island is a piece of land or group of pieces of land which is entirely surrounded by water at Lowest Astronomical Tide and to which there is no permanent means of dry access". Orkney contains some of the oldest and best-preserved Neolithic sites in Europe; the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney" is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Burray lies to the east of Scapa Flow and is linked by causeway to South Ronaldsay, which hosts the cultural events, the Festival of the Horse and the Boys' Ploughing Match on the third Saturday in August. The introduction of a ground predator like the stoat to islands such as Orkney, where there are no native ground predators, is very bad news for Orkney’s native species. [3] The barriers were constructed by Italian prisoners-of-war as a means of preventing enemy submarine access to the vast natural harbour of Scapa Flow after the sinking of HMS Royal Oak by a German U-boat in 1939 with the loss of 883 lives. In response, Norwegian king Harald Fairhair (Harald Hårfagre) annexed the Northern Isles, comprising Orkney and Shetland, in 875. The remote islets of Sule Skerry and Sule Stack, which lie 37 miles (60 km) west of the archipelago form part of Orkney for local government purposes. However, attempts are being made by some writers and radio presenters to revitalise its use[187] and the distinctive sing-song accent and many dialect words of Norse origin remain in use. [7] The European Marine Energy Centre, which is located at Stromness, is currently testing various wave and tidal energy devices from Billia Croo on the Mainland and Eday. 66–68. [227][228], This article is about the Scottish islands. However the money was never paid, and Orkney was absorbed by the Kingdom of Scotland in 1472. [66] The Earldom of Caithness was granted to Magnus, second son of the Earl of Angus, whom Haakon IV of Norway confirmed as Earl of Orkney in 1236. Map of Orkney Islands, mainland highlighted: Location; OS grid reference: Physical geography; Island group: Orkney: Area: 52,325 hectares (202 sq mi) Area rank: 6 Highest elevation: Mid Hill 271 metres (889 ft) Administration; Sovereign state: United Kingdom: Country: Scotland: Council area: Orkney Islands Council: Demographics; Population: 17,162: Population rank ... Islands Westray has been described as 'The Queen of the Isles', it is the second largest of the North Isles with a population of around 600. The Pentland Skerries are a group of small islands in the Pentland Firth, a dangerous stretch of water between mainland Scotland and the larger islands of Orkney, through which run the strongest tidal streams in Britain. Orkney Islands Council consists of 21 members, 18 of whom are independent, that is they do not stand as representatives of a political party. 108-9. [6] Orkney’s largest settlement, and also its administrative centre, is Kirkwall. Various other definitions are used in the Scottish context. Orkney lies between 58°41′ and 59°24′ North, and 2°22′ and 3°26′ West, measuring 80 kilometres (50 mi) from northeast to southwest and 47 kilometres (29 mi) from east to west, and covers 975 square kilometres (376 sq mi). For other uses, see, Archipelago, county and council area in northern Scotland. The Maeshowe inscriptions date from the 12th century. [79], In the 17th century, Orcadians formed the overwhelming majority of employees of the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada. The village of Skara Brae, Europe's best-preserved Neolithic settlement, is believed to have been inhabited from around 3100 BC. [134] Before McArthur the MSP was Jim Wallace, who was previously Deputy First Minister. [49], Both Orkney and Shetland saw a significant influx of Norwegian settlers during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. Now, Orkney is hoping to use hydrogen fuel cells to power a seagoing vessel able to transport both goods and passengers". [43], However, Polemius Silvius wrote a list of Late Roman provinces, which Seeck appended to his edition of the Notitia Dignitatum. [142] 55% of these businesses employ between 5 and 49 people. Four of the main Neolithic sites are included in the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site, inscribed in 1999. The island is mostly low-lying (especially East Mainland) but with coastal cliffs to the north and west and two sizeable lochs: the Loch of Harray and the Loch of Stenness. [21], The Norse knew Mainland, Orkney as Megenland "Mainland" or as Hrossey "Horse Island". [80] During this period, burning kelp briefly became a mainstay of the islands' economy. [11] The word is of uncertain origin and has also been attested in the Lothians and Fife in the 19th century. "Agricultural Improvement" in Omand (2003) pp. The Old Man of Hoy is a well-known seastack. [113] As in the neighbouring mainland county of Caithness, this sandstone rests upon the metamorphic rocks of the Moine series, as may be seen on the Mainland, where a narrow strip is exposed between Stromness and Inganess, and again in the small island of Graemsay; they are represented by grey gneiss and granite. In that year Scotland’s civil parishes were replaced by Community Council Areas, which had an advisory, rather than an administrative role. Orkney has a population of over 21,000 and is a very popular tourist destination with endless summer days, historic towns, golden beaches, unrivalled local produce, world-famous sites of historical interest and an array of wildlife. As a result, barriers were built to close most of the access channels; these had the additional advantage of creating causeways enabling travellers to go from island to island by road instead of being obliged to rely on ferries. St Ola, Tankerness, St Andrews, Holm and Deerness. [2] There are four islands joined to the Orkney Mainland by a series of causeways known as the Churchill Barriers. The martyrdom of Magnus Erlendsson, who was killed in April 1116 by his cousin Haakon Paulsson, resulted in the building of St. Magnus Cathedral, still today a dominating feature of Kirkwall. Answer: Orkney Islands, United Kingdom (Administrative unit: Scotland) - last known population is ≈ 21 600 (year 2014).This was 0.034% of total United Kingdom population.If population growth rate would be same as in period 2011-2014 (+0.26%/year), Orkney Islands population in 2021 would be: 21 992*. To achieve that goal, the government announced an investment of £100 million in the hydrogen sector "for the £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies Fund". [152] This comes mainly from wind turbines situated across Orkney. Orkney also has an abundance of marine and avian wildlife. By Committee £M % Development and Infrastructure 16.5 19% Education, Leisure and Housing 39.7 46% Orkney Health and Care Partnership 20.3 24% Policy and Resources 10.0 11% [94][95], Orkney is separated from the Shetland Islands, a group farther out, by a body of water called the Fair Isle Channel. Auskerry is south of Stronsay and has a population of only five. The plural suffix -jar was later removed in English leaving the modern name Orkney. South Ronaldsay, Burray, Glimps Holm, and Lamb Holm are connected by road to the Mainland by the Churchill Barriers. The island covers an area of approximately 19.2 square miles and has a … The Northern Isle archipelagos consist of two island groups: Shetland and Orkney Islands. ", "Orkney Islands Council : Election 2017 Results", "Candidates and Constituency Assessments: Orkney (Highland Region)", "BBC News – In maps: How close was the Scottish referendum vote? "Orkney Economic Review No. Nearly all of the islands have lochs, but the watercourses are merely streams draining the high land. 'Ward Hill' or a variant thereof is very common as the name of the highest point on the island. Pytheas of Massilia visited Britain – probably sometime between 322 and 285 BC – and described it as triangular in shape, with a northern tip called Orcas. [26] Other remains from that era include the Standing Stones of Stenness, the Maeshowe passage grave, the Ring of Brodgar and other standing stones. Lamb, Raymond "Kirkwall" in Omand (2003) p. 184. The North and South Isles lie respectively north and south of Mainland. Edinburgh. These locations are named after those high places used for the lighting of warning beacons. Abrams, Lesley "Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age: "A Very Difficult Thing Indeed" in Ballin Smith. Although Orkney is in many ways very distinct from the other islands and archipelagos of Scotland these trends are very similar to those experienced elsewhere. Muir, Tom "Customs and Traditions" in Omand (2003) p. 270. Within Orkney, the council operates airports on most of the larger islands including Stronsay, Eday, North Ronaldsay, Westray, Papa Westray, Sanday, and Flotta. [148], During most years, the islands are the home of several international festivals, including the Orkney International Science Festival in September, a folk festival in May, and the St Magnus International Arts Festival in June. The whole of the Orkney Islands’ are included in the FLAG area. The lower part of the sequence, mostly Eifelian in age, is dominated by lacustrine beds of the lower and upper Stromness Flagstones that were deposited in Lake Orcadie. At the end of the 1715 rebellion, a large number of Jacobites who had fled north from mainland Scotland sought refuge in Orkney and were helped on to safety in Sweden. [17][18] The Anglo-Saxon monk Bede refers to the islands as Orcades insulae in Ecclesiastical History of the English People. [147] The primary attractions that encourage tourism include the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney" on the main island, defined as "a group of 5,000-year-old sites that include the preserved village of Skara Brae and the Ring of Brodgar stone circle". McClanahan, Angela (2004), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, tenth-largest island in the British Isles, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, The German sailors opened the sea-cocks and scuttled all the ships, 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, shortest scheduled air service in the world, Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area, Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area, Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles, "Is 'The Orkneys' ever right? [208], The coastline is well known for its colourful flowers including sea aster, sea squill, sea thrift, common sea-lavender, bell and common heather. [144], In 2007, of the 1,420 VAT registered enterprises 55% were in agriculture, forestry and fishing, 12% in manufacturing and construction, 12% in wholesale, retail and repairs, and 5% in hotels and restaurants. The climate is relatively mild and the soils are extremely fertile: Most of the land is farmed, and agriculture is the most important sector of the economy. Wenham, Sheena "The South Isles" in Omand (2003) p. 211. Other structures from this period include underground storehouses, and aisled roundhouses, the latter usually in association with earlier broch sites. [69][Notes 13], Evidence of the Viking presence is widespread, and includes the settlement at the Brough of Birsay,[72] the vast majority of place names,[73] and the runic inscriptions at Maeshowe. So although the mainland population of Orkney has grown, between 1991 and 2001, Orkney’s smaller islands experienced depopulation of between 2% and 36% (2001 Census). [25] The earliest known permanent settlement is at Knap of Howar, a Neolithic farmstead on the island of Papa Westray, which dates from 3500 BC. [167] A hydrogen combustion engine system was to be connected to the airport’s heating system. Orkney has strengths in renewable energy and tourism, but it points the way on Scotland’s demographic challenge. The Council’s 2020/2021 budget will be monitored and reported on a Committee basis and the analysis below shows the distribution of the budget. [184][Notes 20], After the Norse occupation, the toponymy of Orkney became almost wholly West Norse. [Notes 16] The islands are notable for the absence of trees, which is partly accounted for by the strong winds.[100]. The Orkney Native Wildlife Project planned to use "humane DOC150 and DOC200 traps". Eday is at the centre of the North Isles. Name Status Population Estimate 1981-06-30 Population ... 2020 boundaries. It wasn’t to make the […] [193], An Orcadian is a native of Orkney, a term that reflects a strongly held identity with a tradition of understatement. "The Orkneys" is used by non-Orcadians and does have historical precedent, yet it is clear that this is frowned upon by the residents. (2008) Kirkwall. [94][97], The tidal currents, or "roosts" as some of them are called locally,[98] off many of the isles are swift, with frequent whirlpools. Initially hydrogen was to power only the auxiliary engine but the plan calls for later using this fuel for the primary engine. It will also be the world’s largest eradication operation carried out on an inhabited island. Stronsay and Papa Stronsay lie much further to the east across the Stronsay Firth. Orkney is ane o 32 cooncil areas in Scotland.Orkney is made up o 70 ilands 16 km north o Caithness in northren Scotland. Ferries serve both to link Orkney to the rest of Scotland, and also to link together the various islands of the Orkney archipelago. A local BBC radio station, BBC Radio Orkney, the local opt-out of BBC Radio Scotland, broadcasts twice daily, with local news and entertainment. [8] The islands all fall within the Orkney Islands Council area. Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) p. 33. Coull (2003) quotes the old saying that an Orcadian is a farmer with a boat, in contrast to a Shetlander, who is a fisherman with a, " The southern group of islands surrounds Scapa Flow. Orkney (/ ˈ ɔːr k n i /; Scots: Orkney; Old Norse: Orkneyjar; Norn: Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain.Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north of the coast of Caithness and has about 70 islands, of which 20 are inhabited. [166], Kirkwall Airport in Orkney was scheduled "to have its heat and power decarbonised through green hydrogen as part of a new project" starting in 2021. [212][213], The introduction of alien stoats since 2010, a natural predator of the common vole and thus of the Orkney vole,[214][215] was also harming native bird populations. The report expressed concern about the loss of business caused by the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic: "blighting business activity, travel and tourism". [44] The list is famous because it names six provinces in Roman Britannia: the sixth is the dubious "Orcades provincia", of which recent researches re-evaluate the possibility of real existence. The Scottish primrose is found only on the coasts of Orkney and nearby Caithness and Sutherland. McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007), For uninhabited islands indicates the last known date of permanent, year round settlement. Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) p. 64. [218] The Partners in the five-year project include "RSPB Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), and Orkney Islands Council". [209], The North Ronaldsay sheep is an unusual breed of domesticated animal, subsisting largely on a diet of seaweed, since they are confined to the foreshore for most of the year to conserve the limited grazing inland. The administrative centre is Kirkwall (with about 8000 people living there). [210] The island was also a habitat for the Atlantic walrus until the mid-16th century. Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 1 states there are 67 islands. "Orkney's success in creating hydrogen using clean energy demonstrates that it can be done at scale. They can be seen whilst driving around the islands or on early morning visits to the RSPB’s viewing hides at Cottascarth, Loons hide near Marwick Bay or the Birsay moors hide. 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